At the height of the real estate boom five years ago when many three-family homes were selling in the $400K range, East Boston residents under-qualified for home loans were receiving special mortgages with hidden fees and interest rates that would eventually jump through the roof.
Sadly, many of these residents were Latino and preyed upon by small time mortgage outfits operating in Eastie looking to sell subprime loans to people they knew might not be able to afford the payments. The mortgage brokers didn’t care because they were selling these loans in the secondary market to larger banks like Wachovia and CitiMortgage.
Although the rise in subprime lending and the ensuing wave of foreclosures was partly a result of market forces that have been well-documented, the foreclosure crisis was also a highly racial process, according to a study by two Woodrow Wilson School scholars published in the October 2010 issue of American Sociological Review.
Woodrow Wilson School Ph.D. candidate Jacob Rugh and Woodrow Wilson School’s Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs, Douglas Massey, assessed segregation and the American foreclosure crisis. The authors argue that residential segregation created a unique niche of minority clients who were differentially marketed risky subprime loans that were in great demand for use in mortgage-backed securities that could be sold on secondary markets.
The authors used data from the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas to test their argument. Findings show that Hispanic and Black segregation, are powerful predictors of the number and rate of foreclosures in the United States – even after removing the effects of a variety of other market conditions such as average creditworthiness, the degree of zoning regulation, the overall rate of subprime lending, or coverage under the Community Reinvestment Act (a law passed in 1977 to reduce discriminatory credit practices in low-income neighborhoods, otherwise known as redlining.)
“This study is critical to our understanding of the foreclosure crisis since it shows the important and independent role that racial segregation played in the housing bust,” said Rugh.
A special statistical analysis provided strong evidence that the effect of segregation on foreclosures is causal and not simply a correlation.
“While policy makers understand that the housing crisis affected minorities much more than others, they are quick to attribute this outcome to the personal failures of those losing their homes – poor credit and weaker economic position,” noted Massey. “In fact, something more profound was taking place; institutional racism played a big part in this crisis.”
The authors concluded that Hispanic and black racial segregation was a key contributing cause of the foreclosure crisis.
“ This outcome was not simply a result of neutral market forces but was structured on the basis of race and ethnicity through the social fact of residential segregation,” the authors note in the study.
“Ultimately, the racialization of America’s foreclosure crisis occurred because of a systematic failure to enforce basic civil rights laws in the United States,” the authors write in the study. “In addition to tighter regulation of lending, rating, and securitization practices, greater civil rights enforcement has an important role to play in cleaning up U.S. markets. It is in the nation’s interest for federal authorities to take stronger and more energetic steps to rid U.S. real estate and lending markets of discrimination, not simply to promote a more integrated and just society but to avoid future catastrophic financial losses.”
Eastie, with its large Hispanic population was just behind Dorchester, which has a large Black population, in foreclosures when the national crisis hit Boston.
Many East Boston residents that were put into sub-prime loans found they could no longer afford the monthly payments when interest rates jumped and subsequently could not recoup the money they spent on their home when house prices fell dramatically.
Many simply just walked away, in some instances leaving furniture clothes and other personal belonging behind.
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